The Scope Of Materials Management Construction Essay

The Scope Of Materials Management Construction Essay Site material management is a scientific technique. Materials Management is the process of planning, implementation and control of field and office activities in construction. The materials management goal is to ensure that building materials in their perspective when you need to.Materials management system attempts to ensure that the correct quality and quantity of material is appropriate, purchase, delivery and on-site processing in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost.Materials management system attempts to ensure that the correct quality and quantity of material is appropriate select , purchase, delivery and on-site processing in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost.So Materials management is an important element of project management. The material shows a major cost in the construction, thus reducing procurement costs to improve the opportunity to reduce the cost of the entire project. Construction projects, building materials fees accounted for 60 to 70% of the project cost. A reasonably organized planning, supply and use of building materials, construction materials from the production companies enter a construction according to the variety, quantity, quality, duration, reducing the transfer of part ofprevent the backlog of waste, shorten the construction period, accelerate the construction speed, reduce the cost of the project is important. 2.1 Scope of Materials Management It was referring to the various functions of materials management of the materials management coordination of various departments of manufacturing enterprises. Once the material procurement and brought by the organization, its value continues to increase other costs of materials required for the sorting, carrying materials in inventory, maintenance and management costs must be allocated to the cost of materials before entering into a product or converted to other form. In order to save the cost of all the materials management company has taken a clear method to determine the amount of material is ordered, the number is stored as inventory and in-process inventory. In order to reduce the cost of materials and other costs, there must be effective and efficient management of materials technology, it must be dynamically adjusted with changes in demand and production. Materials management efforts to ensure that the material cost component of the total product cost is the least. To achieve this goal, the control is in the exercise of the following fields. 1. Materials Planning. 2. Purchasing. 3. Store Keeping. 4. Inventory Control. 5. Receiving, Inspection and Despatching. 6. Value Analysis, Standardization and Variety Reduction. 7. Materials Handling Traffic. 8. Disposal of Scrap and Surplus, Material Preservation. The function of the planning department of the material for future plans to purchase the required materials according to the production plan. In materials planning, budget allocation will also be critical to the materials research progress, for better control. Materials planning, procurement must be done. Purchasing department to purchase materials based on purchase requisitions from user departments and store departments and production plan for the year. There are four basic procurement activities. a) Selecting suppliers, negotiating, and the issue of the purchase order. b) to hasten the delivery of the goods from the supplier. c) as a liaison between the suppliers and other companies. d) looking for new products, materials, and suppliers can help company objectivity. At the time of purchase, the right quantity and quality of the materials must be purchased on time, the lowest price and choose effective procurement system, and draw maximum benefits. The procurement is based on the make or buy decision, and also using PERT / CPM effectively. When the project is the purchase of goods, must provide adequate storage facilities, so the waste is minimized. Sometimes, to be doubly careful in order to protect the quality during storage. Of these tariffs inventory control department to decide on the type of sorting system, to solve the safety stock limit fixing up the reorder levels and maximum / minimum inventory levels. Responsible for receiving, inspection and shipping department receives material suppliers delivered. In receipt of it, the quantity and quality must be checked. Production of parts and materials specification blueprints and inspection. Non-production items were reviewed. Once it is given according to the specification, the goods will be accepted. Value analysis and standardized to provide maximum range, reducing the cost of materials. It also reduces the range of varieties, but also to help find alternatives to lower-cost materials. Material handling part responsible for the transport of materials in different departments. There are four basic transport activities. Choose the ordinary or chartered carriers and routings to send / shipment requirements Tracing in-bound shipments of material in short supply as requested by production control or purchasing, To assist customers in tracking outbound shipments when asked. audit invoices refund excess charges from operators and application needed for damaged shipments. Development of technology to reduce transportation costs. This may include negotiating with competition the shipper, special study, the position of the dominant plants of the latest products, analysis of the tariff, and negotiations of any number of special arrangements to deal with specific traffic. activities including trading of finished packaging, labeling, and loading the final product. Finally, the processing of waste and surplus must be done to release the capital locked in those projects on a regular basis. 2.2 Objectives and Functions of Materials Management Primary objectives Which can be classified as: (i) Efficient materials planning (ii) Buying or Purchasing (iii) Procuring and receiving (iv) Storing and inventory control (v) Supply and distribution of materials (vi) Quality assurance Secondary objectives there can be several secondary objectives of materials management. Some of them are given below: (i) Efficient production scheduling (ii) To take make or buy decisions (iii) Prepare specifications and standization of materials (iv) To assist in product design and development (v) Forecasting demand and quantity of materials requirements (vi) Quality control of materials purchased (vii) Material handling (viii) Use of value analysis and value engineering (ix) Developing skills of workers in materials management (x) Smooth flow of materials in and out of the organization Achieve all these goals, it is necessary to establish harmony and good coordination between all employees of the materials management department. 2.3 Components of material management 2.3.1 Material supply and management Through market research, and look for the qualified materials The scope of inspections, investigations should first production and management vendors. One is the audit inspection material production and operation of the main body of all kinds of production and operation procedure is a complete range; The second is on-the-spot investigation enterprise production scale, management concept, sales and after-sales service, etc; The third is mainly studies the enterprise of quality control system, whether it has national and industry product quality authentication, material quality in the similar products is to belong to the general, intermediate or high-grade, etc. Another study visits range is building industry. Through the understanding of the building industry, information obtained a more accurate, more careful, more comprehensive. Generally speaking, really good quality materials will get architectural recognition, inferior quality of materials will be people spit on. By understanding building industry, can be more accurately master the material manufacturer enterprise reputation, product quality, price condition, the post-sale service, etc. The material the approach test Acceptance warehousing must ask the supplier of building materials security record to prove. The material inspection units must have the appropriate testing facilities and capabilities. Materials management in the construction process The central task is to check the use of the materials management process to ensure the quality of the material entering the construction safekeeping of materials approach, strict, reasonable use of a variety of materials, reduce consumption, to ensure the realization of the management objectives. 2.3.2The price of materials management 1. Control of the market, reduce the price of materials Control of the market, the market price is the extensive collection of materials. Material price information-gathering process, price information collection is in the building materials market, the material origin, the course of the investigation. The acquisition price information must be appropriate to the actual situation of the market to reflect the general level of prices of materials. Investigation and collection of price information for engineering materials, covers a wide range, heavy workload, is a complex information system. 2.Make full use of the market, reasonable arrangements for transportation Freight expenditures are important factors that constitute material procurement costs, save on shipping costs, reduce material procurement costs. Therefore, to consider the following aspects should consider the problems of the transport distance transportation cost savings: material when ordering. In the case of material quality, performance can meet the material procurement program, and almost equal to the price of materials, it should go to the nearest location away from the construction site procurement; material as a transport in place, to reduce secondary unlucky and handling costs. Take reasonable mode of procurement Doing so supply, storage, integration, reducing both parties arguing back and forth; owner can reduce material prices, reduce the project cost; course reasonable supply mode according to specific circumstances. 2.3.3 Material storage issue management Specifically the Treasury, proper storage. Identified clearly, classified storage In addition to the release of the material, whether by the Ministry branch or the issuance of project department warehouse supplies, should implement the principle of first-in, first-out project materials consumed should be read in conjunction with the segment and sub-project accounting, strict implementation of quota / fixed picking system must be opened by the project construction personnel before construction sign limits pick lists limit pick lists must fill part requirements essential items. Valuables and a larger amount of items, multiple payment based on usage, with picking small ticket points. Easily damaged goods, the material need for more detailed experience exchange members issued by the recipients of the two sides to sign off on the certificate. Material need generated from site Material ordered in the store Indents is generated Check availability in the store Check for the balance items Vendor selection from the approved list of vendors from the client Material inspection from the received stock Rejection of the unacceptable stock Issue of material to the concerned department Fig.1 process of material management Sources: National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering Technology 2.4 Benefit of Materials Management Materials management to create a niche in many organizations, which have achieved a comprehensive materials management. These organizations often enjoy the following advantages: The better accountability part of the material, as well as other departments and no one can blame others. As materials management by a single authority, which can lead to better coordination, because it became the central point of any substance-related problems. Materials management departments to ensure a better quality materials provide a request in a timely fashion department. This can lead to a better performance of the organization. A materials management system is usually controlled through a system, therefore, can help decision-making related to the material in the organization. An indirect use of materials management is the development of good quality material, ethical and moral standards in an organization. Comment and evaluate the existing site layout relation to the positioning of the material on the construction site and identify possibles Construction site materials should be placed according to the requirements of safe and civilized construction program to be trimmed and decorated. Temporary construction water, electricity, roads, completed construction requirements of the standard. For field use reasonable construction plane layout should be structured to minimize occupied by construction land, the layout is compact and reasonable, and at the same time do field capacity neat and clean, the roads are wider, in line with the requirements of fire safety and civilized construction. The construction process to avoid multiple trades in the same venue, the same area for construction and mutual restraint, mutual interference. à ¢- ª Keep work areas free from rubbish and obstructions à ¢- ª Maintain all floor surfaces safe, suitable and free from slip or trip hazards à ¢- ª Ensure floor openings covered or otherwise fenced off à ¢- ªMaterials are properly stacked and stored safely Keep all passageways in good conditions à ¢- ª Unobstructed and clearly defined à ¢- ª Provide adequate lighting à ¢- ª Ensure clear sightline at breaks and corners Stacking of all materials: à ¢- ª Ensure the proper heights and correct stacking à ¢- ª Allow sufficient space for moving stock à ¢- ª Store materials in racks/bins à ¢- ª Keep shelves free of rubbish à ¢- ª Keep floors around stacks and racks clear à ¢- ª Check drums and ensure pallets in good repair à ¢- ª Heavier items stored low and without danger of falling objects à ¢- ª Avoid sharp edges and provide safe means of accessing high shelves Site manager may face the following problems: Construction site temporary building (office) located in work area and near the waste materials faced with many unsafe factors and noise pollution. The area of construction waste, stored waste can not be transported out of the site.such as all solvent waste, oily rags, and flammable liquids,Scrap wood or chips, saw dust waste, and paper bags or cartons. If you accidentally cause a fire, then there will be heavy casualties. Most construction workers are exposed to excessive construction noise. One can get tinnitus, a ringing sound in the ears, or a temporary loss of hearing. Exposure to longer period can cause tiredness and nervousness. Concrete batching plant away from the material stores. It should be set in a near vertical transport machinery, as much as possible to reduce the concrete, mortar horizontal transport distance. Reduce transportation costs and save time. Store setting Concrete store should choose the higher ground, drainage, close to the batching plant. Inflammable and explosive materials shall not be mixed with other material. Inflammable and explosive materials warehouse layout should comply with the fire and explosion safety distance requirements. Proposed new site layout to improve the existing site layout mess hall temporary building (office) Workers Dormitory toilet Water Supply Site Entrance Double storey terrace Semi-detached houses Power supply Site exit Timber store Reinforcement Steel store Scaffold store Cement store Concrete batching plant Material store Waste material Suggestion/recommendation that will give strong impact on the material management process in the future based on the case study Responsibilities: Provide guidance, interpretation and direction to Major Projects staff regarding the Major Projects Procurement material standards and procedures. Assist in Procurement orientations and on-boarding of Major Projects staff. Review and provide improvement recommendations for Project Procurement Strategies and Plans. Lead the development, implementation and management of policies, procedures and templates supporting the continuous improvement of material management within Major Projects. Collaborate with Business Unit Procurement, Project Controls, Accounting, Construction, Engineering and Project Execution personnel to accurately understand capabilities in terms of systems and processes. Outline material management procedures through the development of process flow maps. Prepare draft and final assessment reports of material management findings. First, the general requirements 1. Stacking of construction material should be based on the amount of size, duration, supply and transportation determine dosage, use a long time, supply transportation is convenient, it should be phased in. approach to reduce the yard and warehouse space; 2. Construction site of a variety of tools, components, materials piling must be placed in accordance with the provisions of the position of the planar four Figure; 3. Position should select appropriate, easy to transport and handling, minimize secondary transportation; 4. Higher ground, solid, flat, backfill compaction in layers, have drainage measures to comply with the requirements of safety, fire; 5. Should be stacked according to the varieties, specifications, and set up the obvious signs to indicate the name, specification and origin; 6. Various material items must be stacked neatly.   Second, the main material semi stacked 1. Large tools, should one side alignment put; 2. Reinforced should be neatly stacked, square wooden paving should not be placed in a wet and exposed to rain shower; 3. Brick should be small code into the stack, are not allowed to ultra-high from trench not less than 0.5m, to prevent collapse; 4. The sand piled cube, stones should be different diameter sizes are stacked into a cube; 5. Various templates should be stacked neatly classified according to specifications, the ground should be flat solid, stack height generally should not be the ultra-high 1.6m; the large template stored specifically designed to save shelf should be placed two large template should be used for face-to-face storage when stored floor construction, shall meet the homeostatic angle and reliable anti-dumping measures; 6. Concrete component stacking space should be solid, smooth, specifications, models stacked skids position to be correct, to be up and down to align the the multilayer components of skids, the pile position are not allowed to ultra-high; the concrete blocking plate should be established insertion of frame interpolation put frame to be welded or lashing firmly to prevent collapse. Conclusion Construction site materials management is one of the important link. To strengthen the management of the site layout, according to the different construction stages, materials and supplies changes, design changes, and adjust the position of the stockyard site in a timely manner, and keep the roads open, reducing the second out of luck. Strict accordance with the arrangement of stacked material with a flat-screen piles into the line, always clean up debris and garbage, and maintain the site, roads, tools and containers clean. The construction site must be carried out by the allied materials on-site materials management, material must pass the examination certificates; member of the staff of the material running configuration to enable the production and management of working prevail. Materials management for the enterprise has an extremely important significance.In a certain period of time, material resources and funds are always wired, good materials science management can promote cost reduction.Which time the minimum material consumption, to the maximum economic benefits.

Comparing Two Poems about Prejudice Essay -- Wole Soyinka U.A. Fanthor

Comparing Two Poems about Prejudice The poems "Telephone Conversation", by Wole Soyinka and "You Will Be Hearing From Us Shortly", by U A Fanthorpe are both about prejudice. The former poem is to do with racial prejudice and the latter is to do with social prejudice. The two poems are different in many ways. The first poem is an application for accommodation and the second poem is a job interview. Soyinka's poem is a Dialogue within a monologue where as Fanthorpe's poem is just a monologue. Also the tones are different the former poem has a shocking tone to start with but a mocking tone towards the end, while the other poem is extremely rude. The characters in the former poem are a white landlady and a black man and the characters in the latter poem are an interviewer and a possible interviewee the genders are unknown which helps highlight the fact that this can happen to anyone. The language in both poems is easy to understand neither have many difficult words and only Soyinka's poem uses metaphors and similes. The poems use questions for emphasis as well as for ...

Impacts Upon Skinclads Business in the Next Five Years Essay -- Busin

Impacts Upon Skinclad's Business in the Next Five Years In order to analyse the operating environment of Skinclad, an audit of the performance of the organisation was executed. This took the form of an environmental scan which assessed the internal and external environment of the company. The findings of this scan will provide an understanding and appreciation of the many factors impacting directly or indirectly upon the company’s operations. The report explores the macro and micro environmental factors which are likely to impact upon Skinclad’s business over the next five years, reviews the internal factors, existing marketing mix and highlights possible problems areas. The Swot analysis lists the main strength of the business, its weakness and likely threats and opportunities the company may face in the future. Finally, the report identifies recommendations and possible options for improving production and the financial viability of Skinclad. MACRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PEST ANALYSIS A1 A PEST analysis is an environmental scan of the macro economic factors impacting on the operations of an organisation. It analyses the following factors and its relation to the UK Textile industry: * Political * Economical * Social * Technological The relevance of this analysis is significant in gauging world trends and its consequent role in influencing social, cultural, technological, demographical and economical factors. The analysis notes with interest the current state of the UK Textile industry which has experienced a slump since the late 1990 (Figure 1). The figure shows that total output had declined significantly over the period and production has collapsed by 30%. This may be attributed to the effect of globalisation and a shift to importing clothing from cheaper Asian markets such as Philippines, Indonesia and Bangladesh. Many local manufacturers were affected by this move. A case in point was Marks and Spencer who were committed to local producers until the early 2000 when they were forced to source garments from cheaper suppliers outside of the UK to compete with the influx of European retailers. The establishment of the European Union and institution of the Euro dollar has further exacerbated the situation for local producers as a strong UK currency ( £) has made exports more costly to other regions in the Eur... ...shion Shared Values Ø This is not applicable to the case Sustainable Competitive Advantage Ø Has been in existence for over twenty two year Ø Developed an establish network that includes, suppliers, retailers Appendix 4 ========== 8 P’s Product * Jackets and full-length coats in twenty different styles Place * Old dilapidated building in the old textile industry main district Price * Basic assumption that product is high priced since product is high quality Promotion ========= * This information was not provided in the case. However, the need for promotion may be limited as there is a direct link to a retailer who purchase the majority of the product Profit * Profit has been eroded over the years with a net value of  £1 on certain product Physical * Old rented premises in what used to be the hub of the UK textile industry Process * This information was not available from the case People - Not accessible from case Appendix 5 ---------- Ansoff Matrix existing products new products Existing Markets Market Penetration Product Development New Markets Market Development Diversification

The African Queen Essay -- essays research papers

THE AFRICAN QUEEN Short Summary: "The African Queen" is the tale of two companions with different personalities who develop an untrustworthy love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World War I. They struggle against the climate, the river, the bugs, the Germans and, most of all, against each other. In the course of much misery, they develop love and respect for each other. Detailed Summary: In September 1914, the German occupying forces hold East Africa. The story starts in a small village that is overlorded by a stuffy British missionary, Reverent Samuel Sayer and his spinster, prudish sister Rose Sayer, who is utterly devoted to her brother. Rose is also very naive and pious. She thinks, God would not permit a war between England and Germany or the whole world.. Some day, German troops marches into that village. Merciless, without any warning, these troops invade the village, they burn down the huts and the church. Livestock, poultry, pots and pans and foodstuffs even the portable chapel had been taken by the German soldiers. Only the mission bungalow was spared. Samuel goes on praying the awful calamity of war which has descended upon the world would soon pass away, so that slaughter and destruction would cease and that when they had regained their sanity men would turn from war to universal peace. Because of this war they were cut off from all communications and the rest of the world. Samuel thinks the Germans responsible for the outbreak of the war and all the sufferings. Rose is helpless as her brother suffers a nervous breakdown. He realises that his life's work has been destroyed and instantly loses his mind. He dies very soon after that, while Rose weeps at his bedside. One day later the sharp sound of a steamboat whistle could be heard in the village. A gin-drinking, cigar-smoking man, called Charlie Allnutt, arrives. He is the owner of this old, 30-foot ramshackle steamer named "The African Queen". He supplies the village with mails and news. Charlie offers Rose both to rescue her and escape from here and bury her brother's corpse. They have to use the old, ramshackle African Queen, since he has blasting gelatine, cylinders of oxygen and hydrogen as new cargo. They have a dangerous and difficult escape route: They have to pass the large Central Africa lake at the end of the dang... ...erested in. Actually he is married, but this was a long time ago and so he don't care about it. But he is also an realist and he thinks about his actions. The marriage with Rose is not only a love-marriage, he realises that he has no job no money and no future without Rose.   Cecile Scott Forester - curriculum vitae - C.S. Forester was born in Cairo in 1899. His father was stationed there as a government official. He studied medicine at Guy's Hospital but he left Gey's without getting doctor's degree. From that moment he began to start he writing career. His first important success was the novel "Payment Deferred". In 1932 Forester was offered a Hollywood contract. Until 1939 he spent a lot of time in America. During the war he entered the Ministry of Information and later he went to the Royal Navy to collect materials for his book "The Ship". Then he made a voyage to the Bering Sea to gather material for a similar book on the United States Navy. During this trip he was stricken with Arteriosclerosis, a disease with left him crippled. But he continued to write and created his book "Captain Hornblower". He died in 1966. The African Queen Essay -- essays research papers THE AFRICAN QUEEN Short Summary: "The African Queen" is the tale of two companions with different personalities who develop an untrustworthy love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World War I. They struggle against the climate, the river, the bugs, the Germans and, most of all, against each other. In the course of much misery, they develop love and respect for each other. Detailed Summary: In September 1914, the German occupying forces hold East Africa. The story starts in a small village that is overlorded by a stuffy British missionary, Reverent Samuel Sayer and his spinster, prudish sister Rose Sayer, who is utterly devoted to her brother. Rose is also very naive and pious. She thinks, God would not permit a war between England and Germany or the whole world.. Some day, German troops marches into that village. Merciless, without any warning, these troops invade the village, they burn down the huts and the church. Livestock, poultry, pots and pans and foodstuffs even the portable chapel had been taken by the German soldiers. Only the mission bungalow was spared. Samuel goes on praying the awful calamity of war which has descended upon the world would soon pass away, so that slaughter and destruction would cease and that when they had regained their sanity men would turn from war to universal peace. Because of this war they were cut off from all communications and the rest of the world. Samuel thinks the Germans responsible for the outbreak of the war and all the sufferings. Rose is helpless as her brother suffers a nervous breakdown. He realises that his life's work has been destroyed and instantly loses his mind. He dies very soon after that, while Rose weeps at his bedside. One day later the sharp sound of a steamboat whistle could be heard in the village. A gin-drinking, cigar-smoking man, called Charlie Allnutt, arrives. He is the owner of this old, 30-foot ramshackle steamer named "The African Queen". He supplies the village with mails and news. Charlie offers Rose both to rescue her and escape from here and bury her brother's corpse. They have to use the old, ramshackle African Queen, since he has blasting gelatine, cylinders of oxygen and hydrogen as new cargo. They have a dangerous and difficult escape route: They have to pass the large Central Africa lake at the end of the dang... ...erested in. Actually he is married, but this was a long time ago and so he don't care about it. But he is also an realist and he thinks about his actions. The marriage with Rose is not only a love-marriage, he realises that he has no job no money and no future without Rose.   Cecile Scott Forester - curriculum vitae - C.S. Forester was born in Cairo in 1899. His father was stationed there as a government official. He studied medicine at Guy's Hospital but he left Gey's without getting doctor's degree. From that moment he began to start he writing career. His first important success was the novel "Payment Deferred". In 1932 Forester was offered a Hollywood contract. Until 1939 he spent a lot of time in America. During the war he entered the Ministry of Information and later he went to the Royal Navy to collect materials for his book "The Ship". Then he made a voyage to the Bering Sea to gather material for a similar book on the United States Navy. During this trip he was stricken with Arteriosclerosis, a disease with left him crippled. But he continued to write and created his book "Captain Hornblower". He died in 1966.

Tim Horton’s Website Analysis

On October 25, 2010, I examined the website of Tim Hortons Company. I did this as part of my assignment for Business Communication course in University of Toronto Scarborough. The assignment requires students to compose a website analysis report of a business. And I chose Tim Hortons because it has always been one of my favorite coffee shops. This report describes the strengths and weaknesses of Tim Hortons’ website. And at the end of the report, you will find my personal recommendations on the points that could be improved. The report’s purpose is to help Tim Hortons establish a more customer-friendly website. I will explain more on the word â€Å"customer-friendly† through the following parts of the report. Strengths of the Website I am quite impressed by the design of Tim Hortons’ website. By simply looking at the theme colors when I first entered in, I am able to recognize the brand. These brown and red colors are what we commonly see in a local Tim Hortons store. The use of the colors makes the store and website an integral whole. Another thing that attracts me is the flashing banner. Those well-designed advertisement videos give customers a quick view of what is new at the store. They also lead to a better trade promotion. I compared the webpage of Tim Hortons with Starbucks and Second Cup’s. And I discovered that Tim Hortons has some competitive advantages over the other two famous coffee shops. Here are four most prominent ones: * An Offer of Healthier Products Options. Many customers today are not in favor of eating traditional donuts that contained large amount of fat and sugar. In order not to lose those customers, more healthier food options are offered on the website. In the online menu, customers can find one category named â€Å"Healthier Options†. By applying those options, customers may add milk instead of cream to their coffee. They may also choose bagels that are high in fiber instead of donuts. People who enjoy a healthy lifestyle will find Tim Hortons’ products appealing to them. Moreover, for customers’ convenience, there is a link to the â€Å"Nutrition Calculator† beside each category of food. By clicking the link, customers can quickly obtain further information on the products. * Clear Classification of the Products. The catalog appeared in the menu helps to arrange all productions into detailed classes. The arrangement makes the menu more organized and clearer to look at. Customers who want to look for a certain type of products will quickly find their targets. This is a demonstration of â€Å"customer-friendly† webpage. * The Idea of Weather Forecast. On the front page of the website, I discovered a window shown the weather forecast and the best product option to choose under this weather. I found this idea very attractive. The weather forecast transfers a message that Tim Hortons is very concerned about it’s customers. It deserves a brand loyalty. Besides, customers who are aware of this information may come to the website everyday to check the weather. This will result in a higher click rate to the website and more exposure to the advertisements. * Online Shopping Option. A link to the online shopping website is attached to the front page. Not only can customers find cans of grind coffee there, but they can also find gift baskets and other accessories available. This online shopping option will contribute to a larger sale of Tim Hortons coffee. Weaknesses of the Website On the other hand, I discovered some weaknesses of Tim Hortons’ website after compared with other coffee shops’. Speaking critically, there are certain places that could be made better. To demonstrate my findings, I listed four problems below: * Catalog is Not Clearly Indentified. Most customers come to Tim Hortons website to search for information on coffee and baked goods. However, the catalog shown on top of the front page does not include these two items. It takes some time for customers to find their desired information. Besides, all the menus and nutrition information are under the category of â€Å"In Our Store †. I personally think this title is inappropriate. Because â€Å"In Our Store† can mislead people to think about locations, staffs and other unrelated information. * Nutrition calculator is difficult to use. The idea of making a calculator to track calories is very creative. However, the calculator did not function well when I was using it, especially on a Mac computer. The button for â€Å"Detailed Information† is often hidden behind the product category list. This makes the button difficult to click on. Fonts are Too Small to Read. Except for the headlines, the font sizes for most of the written materials are too small. This will result in unwillingness for customers to go further reading. Though the storyboard tells a thrilling adventure, customers may have no interest to look at. * No Sounds for the Banner. Research shows that people’s retention becomes stronger when they can be provided with both visual images and sounds. Having a banner is absolutely a good promotion choice, but without any audio inputs, the advertisements are a bit lack of excitement and harder for customers to remember. Conclusions A website can be said to be â€Å"customer-friendly† if it is able to offer the most to its customers. For the design, the website should be attractive and fun to look at. And for the function, the company ought to focus on an idea of clarity, convenience and simplicity. Compared with the webpage of other famous coffee shops, Tim Hortons is good at making convenience accesses for its customers and delivering sales messages. This is demonstrated by its strengths of clear classification, option of online shopping and an offer of eather forecast and healthier options. Nevertheless, Tim Hortons is a bit weak at providing clear information. Because some titles of the catalog fail to transfer definite information and the fonts of the words are too small to read. Things can be improved also include the nutrition calculator and the sounds of the banner. Recommendations Competition between coffeehouses is quite fierce these days. Though Tim Hortons are most well known in Canada. It does not have such popularity in other countries, even in the United States. One of the accesses for people to gather information of Tim Hortons is through the Internet. Therefore, it is of top primarity for Tim Hortons to establish a more customer-friendly website. Here I provide four recommendations that will contribute to its success: * Change the Titles of the Catalog Categories. Make Category titles clearer to indentify. For example, name â€Å"Coffee† or â€Å"Menu† instead of â€Å"In Our Store†. Also, put the items customers most interested to prominent places. For example, modify the â€Å"Menu† button as the first icon appeared in the catalog at the front page. Improve the Nutrition calculator. If the technical problems cannot be solved, simply add a list of nutrition information containing all products to the website. It is also a good idea to provide a search engine for that information. * Make the Fonts Larger. Make the size of the fonts larger so that customers can easily read the information they are looking for. * Make Banner’s Alive. Deliver music commercials. Add more fun and excitement to the website. This will catch customers’ attention and result in a higher click rate of the website.

Project Guidelines

APPENDIX A: FILM REVIEW PROJECT GUIDELINES (General) I. Select an Appropriate Topic A. Relevant and Appropriate: Check the following websites for ideas: 1. http://www. sampsoncc. edu/staff/pwolf 2. http://www. apa. org/monitor B. Be Specific: Narrow general topics down! C. Researchable: Search http://www. nclive. org for â€Å"hits† II. Title page A. Title of Project B. Date C. Student’s Name D. Course Number E. Abstract (1-paragraph summary) III. Text or Body A. Five (5) Full Pages, typed (double-spaced, 12 point Times New Roman Font) B. APA Text Note Documentation Required! (Get help on my website! C. Review the Film: Informatively describe the disorder/issue â€Å"raised† in the film. D. Apply appropriate Psychological 1. Theories (Psychodynamic, Behavioral, etc. ) 2. Studies (case/experimental/correlational, etc. ) IV. Bibliography A. MINIMUM 5References 1. May use an encyclopedia a. Use only a specialized encyclopedia (i. e. psychiatry, psychology, etc. ) b. Avoid general ones (i. e. Wikipedia, World Book, Britannica, etc. ) 2. May use a textbook a. Abnormal Psychology b. Psychiatric Nursing 3. USE at least two or three of the following: a.Magazine, journal and/or newspaper articles b. Interviews c. Valid Internet sources, i. e. http://www. nclive. org http://www. ask. com B. List Sources in Alphabetical Order, by author’s last name (APA Style) C. Include Complete Bibliographic Information SPECIAL NOTES: . * Late projects will be subject to a 10 point per day penalty! * Late projects must be HAND DELIVERED to Mr. Wolf in his office, by the student. *Search for APA Text Note and Reference Page examples on my website: http://www. sampsoncc. edu/staff/wolf *Additional assistance available through SCC Student Support Services (Turoring)Appendix B: Detailed Project Guidelines: Abnormal Psychology Film Review [pic] In addition to their sheer entertainment value, popular movies often depict psychological disorders. There is certainly n o shortage of â€Å"Abnormal Psychology movies† available for viewing; however, many provide inaccurate portrayals of psychological behaviors, traits and disorders. This often leads to the public at large having a distorted view of what Psychopathology is or how Clinical Psychologists work. Remember from General Psychology, a major part of becoming a â€Å"critical thinker† is becoming a critical consumer of popular information.Your mission in this assignment is to choose a film with an abnormal psychological theme or issue, research the theme or issue portrayed in the film, and then carefully analyze how well or accurately you believe the movie presented the theme to the viewing audience. Instructions: 1. Choose a movie from the attached list. I have indicated which are available from the SCC Library. The remainder may be rented from Netflix, a local video store or perhaps borrowed from a friend or family member. 2. View the movie at least once). Even if you have seen the movie previously, watch it again. You will need to pay very close attention to hat is being portrayed and you should probably take some notes. They will come in handy later, as you write your paper. 3. Write a reaction/research paper using the following guidelines: a. In an opening paragraph (or two), summarize the plot of the movie. Remember, this is a summation; I don’t need a description of every scene. b. Find three to five internet articles that deal with the specific type of psychological disorder/issue portrayed in the movie (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Aversive Therapy, Insanity Defense, etc. ) and then write at least three pages on what you have learned from your internet research.You may also use your textbook as one of your sources, if you wish. Make sure to cite your sources in APA style, in the body of your paper and on your reference page. (See my website for examples) c. In the final portion of your paper, you will analyze (based upon your www. nclive. org internet research) how well you think the movie portrayed its abnormal psychological theme. You will do this by addressing the following questions: How did the depiction of __________ in the film compare to what you learned in doing your research? Do you believe the film to be of educational value to the general public regarding its psychological content?Was the subject matter treated in a humorous manner? If so, do you think this took away from the seriousness of the psychological disorder being depicted in the film (or did it help by making a serious point without â€Å"blowing the audience away†)? Which specific scenes (if any) in the film provided particular insight into the psychological disorder/issue being portrayed? Did you learn anything of value from viewing the film? (If so, what? ) Was the film entertaining to watch? Would you recommend the film to others? Why or why not? 4. Papers will be submitted, in class, on the assigned date.There will be a ten-point per day late penalty for papers turned in after that date. Papers are to be submitted in a two pocket report folder. In the left side pocket, place the internet articles used in your research. In the right side pocket, place your paper, which will include a title page, abstract page, text or body of report (5p), and reference page. 5. Papers should be word-processed in MS Word, double-spaced, using a 12-point Times New Roman font and should be at least eight (8) total pages in length if the directions, indicated above, are followed completely.The first section (see 3-a above) and last section (see 3-c above) of your paper will be your own words/opinion and will require no reference citations. HOWEVER, YOU WILL NEED TO CITE YOUR REFERENCES, APA STYLE, IN THE THREE PAGES OF RESEARCH (see 3-b above) WRITTEN FROM YOUR INTERNET SOURCES. NOT DOING SO WILL BE CONSIDERED PLAGIARISM AND WILL SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE YOUR PAPER’S GRADE!! 6. Papers will be graded based upon the following rubri c: * Following directions (length, font, double-spacing, etc. ) 5pts. * Cover Sheet 5pts. * Abstract 5pts. * Film summation 10pts. * Research portion 50pts. Analysis of film 20pts. * Reference page 5pts. Total:100 7. Guidelines for APA-style (citations, abstract, reference page, etc. ) are attached. Further examples can be found on my website: http://www. sampsoncc. edu/staff/wolf 8. Films not included on the attached list may be used, BUT ONLY WITH PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE INSTRUCTOR. In preparing a paper in APA style, the following general guidelines should be followed. †¢ Font Selection Font size should be 12 points, with Times Roman being preferred. †¢ Line Spacing Double-space everything: title page, abstract, paper, and reference list. Margins and Indentations Leave one-inch margins at the left, right, top, and bottom of each page. Indent paragraphs five spaces using the â€Å"Tab† feature. †¢ Page Header The page header consists of a brief version of the pa per’s title (usually 2 or 3 words), followed by five spaces and then a page number. Starting with the title page, it appears in the upper-right corner of each page of your paper, including the reference page. Use the â€Å"Header† feature of your word-processing program to insert the header information. I. Title Page (or Cover sheet) (page 1) Name Title of ProjectPSY 281-0A Date II. Abstract Page The abstract follows the title page/cover sheet (it is page 2 of your paper) and is a one- paragraph summary of the content of your paper. The abstract should be no longer than 120 words. Because it is a summary of your project, it should be written after your paper is complete. Guidelines: Two lines below the page header, type the word, Abstract, and center it. Two lines below that, begin the paragraph, which should be unindented and double-spaced. III. Text (or Body) of Paper The text of your paper begins on page 3.The page header appears on the top line. Two spaces below th at, center the title. Two spaces below the title, the paper begins. Five pages, minimum, with text notes when citing research. IV. Reference Page The list of references used comes at the end of your paper and begins on a new page, continuing the numbers from the text of your paper. Two spaces below the page header, center the word, References. Two spaces below that, begin the first reference entry. The entries should be entered alphabetically by the author’s last name.If the author’s name is not given, alphabetize by the first major word of the title of the source, omitting A, An, or The. Each entry should start at the left margin; additional lines for that entry should be indented 5 spaces from the left margin. The reference page should be double- spaced. There are NUMEROUS sources on the internet for APA-style papers (besides my web site). One very good one is: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/handouts/research/r_apa. html Parenthetical Citation The APA system of cit ing sources indicates the author's last name and the date, in parentheses, within the text of your paper.A. A typical citation consists of the author's name and the year of publication. Example: Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). Use the last name only in both first and subsequent citations, except when there is more than one author with the same last name. In that case, use the last name and the first initial. B. If the author is named in the text of your paper, only the year is cited. Example: According to Irene Taylor (1990), the personalities of Charlotte and Emily. . C. If both the name of the author and the date are used in the text, parenthetical reference is not necessary. Example: In a 1989 article, Gould explains Darwin's most successful. . . D. When the reference is to a work by two authors, cite both names each time the reference appears. Example: This theory oft en has been used to explore patters of various insect mating (Alcock & Thornhill, 1983). –OR- Alcock and Thornhill (1983) also demonstrate †¦ E. When the reference is to a work by three to five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference appears.After that, use the first author's last name followed by et al. (Which means â€Å"and others†). Example: This pattern has long plagued the internal politics of college administration in Texas (Douglas et al. , 1997). F. When the reference is to a film, begin with the director’s name followed by the year of the film’s release. Example: (Speilberg, 1989) G. When the reference is to a work by a corporate author, use the name of the organization as the author. Example: Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987).

Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors Health And Social Care Essay

In this essay I will discourse a patient who had been enduring from Amyotrophic Lateral induration a signifier of Motor Neurone Disease which is a progressive, chronic and debilitating disease. I will discourse the consequence this disease has on the organic structure, look at differential diagnosing, the cardinal status impacting the organic structure by this disease, epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology and the associated pharmacological medicine that are all prevalent with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Motor Neurone Disease is a general term for a few differential discrepancies of the diseases which are combined under the one umbrella ( see appendix A ) the specific disease I will discourse is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) . From this point Motor Neurone Disease will be known as MND and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis known as ALS. The patient I attended was a 53 twelvemonth old who had been enduring from ALS. The patient when we arrived had died but had been in the terminal phases of the disease. In speaking with the household and acquiring a good societal and household history it became evident that this patient had led an active life style until she was diagnosed with ALS. In the early phases this patient managed herself but rapidly became unable to pull off her daily attention and required aid, due to the ALS the patient was known to us but I had ne'er attended to them before. In treatment with paramedic who I was on with they gave me a brief history of the patient so I was prepared when I went in. ALS comes under the umbrella of MND which affects the nervous system ( see Appendix B ) and can be divided into two countries the lower taking to muscle weakness/wasting ( wasting ) and the upper taking to stiffness, abnormally active physiological reactions by and large nonvoluntary and each impacting different countries of the organic structure in changing grades. The forecast for ALS is Death, as it affects the upper and lower nervous system ( see Appendix B1 ) . MND It is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease, nevertheless depending on countries affected it may take a few old ages or it can take longer. There is no remedy for MND and the pharmacological medicine is restricted. The pharmacological medicine for the patient was Riluzule in the early phases can decelerate down the devastation of the motor nerve cells as it is a neuroprotector, Baclofen is prescribed as a musculus relaxer which is used to handle the cramps and stiffness caused by the musculuss, Dantrolene is prescribed to handle long term musculus cramps and stiffness though it can besides do liver harm, Diazepam ( diazepam ) is prescribed for its ataractic consequence and helps command the musculus cramp and stiffness these along with other general medicines and with the aid of psychological and emotional support signifier household, friends and other bureaus all assisted the patient with get bying with their ALS. This patient was in ventilatory failure which is the terminal phase of the disease. On Arrival the patient was still on the ventilator and the Patients ‘ household were around her they stated that she had been experiencing ailing different signifier the disease itself and that she had non been herself, the patient was still able to pass on utilizing her eyes although this was going a strain on her and was now passing greater lengths of clip asleep. The patient had retained her sense of temper throughout the disease. The household managed all the daily patient attention themselves as they stated that they knew her best and as the disease progressed and the patient was unable to vocalize any longer they were still able to understand what was wanted. On Examination the patient had no bosom beat and remained in cardiac arrest, patient students were fixed, all marks of life were negative apart from the ventilator. The household knew that the patient had died but we had to repeat that and do certain as they had requested us to go forth ventilator switched on at that clip which meant that there were breath sounds although false reading as it was mechanical aided airing and there was no existent external respiration attempt from the patient it was explained to the patients sister and hubby that although the ventilator is still on it may be confounding for any of the other relations that were coming to understand and particularly for the patients kids as there were no marks of life but the noise of the ventilator might intend they got confused. Dr was called one time we had arrived and we explained what was go oning and as it was the GP that usually attended to the patients ongoing attention we requested that they attend the house. Dr pronounced the patients ‘ decease and was able to exchange off the ventilator as this was what the household wished, during this clip asperity had begun. The household and Dr stated that the patient was cognizant of the result of the disease and that the patient had a DNAR in topographic point which the Dr brought with them as it was a new issue and the one the household had was out of day of the month. I realised through speech production with the household that the symptoms of this disease were similar to other nervous system diseases and that I knew really small about this I decided I would read up on the disease and larn how these types of neurological diseases affect people. Differential Diagnosis: In order to derive the right diagnosing of any disease you must first regulation out several other different diseases that affect the organic structure in a similar manner. In making so you are able to name and handle the disease efficaciously utilizing the right pharmacological medicine, psychological science, or external aid. This is sometimes hard as they frequently present in this instance with muscular blowing particularly of the upper limbs which is the initial presentation in MND and ALS. Some of the differential diagnosing for ALS and MND are: Intramedullary tumour – See Appendix B. Cervical spondylosis – Cervical myelopathy – see Appendix B Peroneal muscular atrophy- see Appendix B Chronic polymyositis- see Appendix B Cervical rib- see Appendix B Peripheral nervus lesions- See Appendix B ( General Practice Notebook, 2012 ) Once all the differential diagnosing information has been correlated and ruled out it is so clip to look at the factors of MND and it variants that prevarication within the MND umbrella. There are assorted types of MND with ALS being the most outstanding and besides the 1 that appears to be speedy in oncoming therefore a rapid diagnosing eases the patients anxiousness and will besides give the patient the right pharmacological medicine and psychological science with support groups and healers to understand the forecast and the disease and its effects on the organic structure although everyone can bring forth different symptoms and no one individual has the same patterned advance through the disease it is in a sense individualised. MND has changing types under its umbrella some affect specific site and others whole countries of the nervousnesss. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) , both upper and lower motor neurone harm. Primary Lateral Sclerosis ( PLS ) , upper motor neurone harm entirely, Bulbar Palsy, the bulbar paralysiss Progressive Muscular Atrophy ( PMA ) , lower motor neurone harm entirely Epidemology of ALS ALS normally occurs between age 40 and 70, and 90 % of instances represent some signifier of MND disease. The incidence of the disease increases with each decennary, the mean age at oncoming is 63 old ages. The surveies of the addition of the disease are predominately due to one factor that we are all acquiring better wellness attention and that we are in the chief life thirster. Recent information has suggested that there may be some cultural variableness to the disease nevertheless there is still a lower incidence in non-whites or persons of assorted ethnicity. The male to female ratio is 1.3 in the ages between 40-70 but approaches equality at ages older than 70 old ages. ( Sharon M. Valente RN, 2007 ) ( Carmel Armon, n.d. ) The highest rate of ALS in the universe is Finland. There has been a recent survey in Finland to happen out why they have such high rates they found that a mutant in chromosome 9p21 as the major cause of familial ALS. Finland is non the lone state with a high rate Guam has a prevalence of 70 in every 100,00 this they believed was due to the toxins in the Cycad nut and the rhythm it went through to free it of the toxins. The nut was besides consumed by the Flying Fox ( a chiropteran ) which used to be portion of the diet. The toxins in the nut may hold been much more concentrated and as it was consumed it released the toxins. This statistic has been reduced as alterations in diet have occurred the people of Guam now have a prevalence of 7 in every 100,000. ( Sharon M. Valente RN, 2007 ) ( Carmel Armon, n.d. ) Aetiology of ALS: Between 5-10 % of instances are familial. 90-95 % of instances are sporadic. The mean oncoming for people with familial ALS is 10-20 old ages younger. The balance are sporadic. Diagnosis for this disease are blood trials, Electromyogram ( EMG ) , Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ) and one time every other neurological disease has been rejected so the diagnosing will be of MND so depending on clinical presentation a unequivocal diagnosing of what type of MND will go on next. Pathophysiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosiss: ALS is a disease of the Motor Neurones it is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease and it is fatal. There is no remedy for this disease and pharmacological medicine is limited to handling the symptoms as they occur. Famillia ALS is caused by a familial defect on chromosome 21 which is an enzyme ( an enzyme allows a cell to transport out chemical reactions really rapidly ) and helps destruct free groups ( Free groups take negatrons from the cells and do a batch of harm ) It is nevertheless non necessary to hold the faulty chromosome to develop ALS as non all bearers of the faulty chromesome contract the disease and people can contract the disease without a faulty chromesome. Sporadic ALS is mostly unknown in its cause nevertheless at that place have been links in the alterations to the organic structures nucleic acid through smoke have been shown to trip the disease oncoming. In ALS progressive musculus wasting predominately is found on the Lower motor neurones which reside in the anterior Grey horn of the spinal cord and in the encephalon root ( corticospinal ) . The upper Motor neurones predominately cause marking on the sidelong column of the spinal cord which may bring forth stiffness or abnormally active physiological reactions. There are instances although rare where the loss of prefrontal neurones may hold caused signifiers of cognitive damage. Although this is non typical in ALS as by and large there is no devolution of the five senses and these nervus cells remain integral. Nerve cell organic structures of the lower and upper motor neurone control the musculuss. The motor axons die by devolution and the larger motor neurones are affected to a higher extent than the smaller motor neurones. Equally long as the regeneration and devolution remains changeless so the nervus cell has the ability to maintain the motor neurones within normal bounds hence no symptoms will be evident, merely when the demand for regeneration of these cells can non fit the devolution it is so the first symptoms of ALS becomes apparent. The axon interruptions and the environing Schwann cells catabolise the axon ‘s medulla sheath and steep the axon interrupting it into fragments. The breakdown causes ovoids which are little compartments which contain the fragments of the axon the ovoids are so ingested and destroyed by the macrophages the hungry white blood cells who come en mass to clean up. This nevertheless leaves a grade on the country and if supply and demand for regeneration are non met this procedure so causes the wasting of the motor nervousnesss go forthing them denervated and unable to execute. There are as with all types of disease clinical manifestations in which we are able to name certain conditions non all of them present at one time and all varying in badness depending on the length of clip the patient has had the disease. Muscle failing is the primary mark of ALS with the musculus cramp and stiffness associated with musculus wast ing active nonvoluntary jerking a weakend clasp, slurred address, there is by and large no redness of the musculuss but the changeless vellication and contraction can do a batch of hurting. ALS begins in one limb before impacting the other limb. This disease can distribute through multiple sites on the organic structure and can impact the critical variety meats as they are made up of musculus tissue this is the terminal stages where the patient is unable to take a breath without the aid of a ventilator and as life anticipation for ALS is between 2-5 old ages it can be swift in oncoming. The pharmacological medicine for the patient was Riluzule in the early phases can decelerate down the devastation of the motor nerve cells as it is a neuroprotector, Baclofen is prescribed as a musculus relaxer which is used to handle the cramps and stiffness caused by the musculuss, Dantrolene is prescribed to handle long term musculus cramps and stiffness though it can besides do liver harm, Diazep am ( diazepam ) is prescribed for its ataractic consequence and helps command the musculus cramp and stiffness these along with other general medicines and with the aid of psychological, Physiotherapy, Occupational therapy and emotional support signifier household, friends and other bureaus all assist the patient with get bying with their ALS. As ambulance service there is small that can be done to assist the patient apart from doing them comfy. We can utilize Professional-Professional calls to the necessary adviser and inquire for advice as to the best attention for the patient and if we need to set up for the patient to be admitted into infirmary or whether organizing another carepathway would be suited. The carepathway could besides be used and was in this instance a call to the patients ‘ ain GP bespeaking them to see as this was the want of the patient and the household explicating what had happened. The usage of any analgetic drug for the hurting would hold to be discuss ed with the adviser as this may hold inauspicious effects on status or may hold contraindicators to drugs regime the patient was already on. Following the Care program that is in topographic point meant that although the patient had died we could still follow their wants. Pg1.APPENDIX A- The Nervous System The nervous system is the organic structure ‘s communicating web. It plays a critical function in keeping homeostasis and consists of a immense figure of cells called neurones. The nervous system can be split into two different divisions the Central Nervous System ( CNS ) which controls the encephalon and the spinal cord and the Peripheral Nervous System ( PNS ) which controls all the nervousnesss outside of the spinal cord and encephalon. The peripheral nervous system can be sub-divided into the motor or motorial tract and the sensory or afferent tract. The motor map is divided once more into- voluntary- controls motion of the musculuss and involuntary- which is portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls the cardiac musculus and its secretory organs, this system can be divided into two once more the sympathetic and parasympathetic. The nervous system is predominately made up of nervous tissue which consists of two types of cells- nervus cells or nerve cells and neuroglia, it besides includes the blood vass and the connective tissue. Nerve cells Nerve cells specialise in responding to physical or chemical stimulations from the alterations within their milieus. Nerve cells send and receive nervus urges. The construction of a nerve cell is like an arm with thenar and fingers. Dendrites are like your fingers projecting from the thenar of your manus they are little projections coming from the axon APPENDIX B INTRAMEDULLARY SPINAL CORD TUMORS Pain and failing are the most common presenting symptoms of intramedullary spinal cord tumours. Pain is frequently the earliest symptom, classically happening at dark when the patient is supine. The hurting is typically local over the degree of the tumour but may radiate.Progressive failing may happen in the weaponries ( cervical tumours ) or legs ( cervical, thoracic, conus tumours ) . Impaired intestine, vesica, or sexual map frequently occurs early. Patients may hold hapless balance. Rarely, symptoms of subarachnoid bleeding may be present. Examination may uncover a combination of upper and lower motor nerve cell marks. Lower motor marks may be at the degree of the lesion and may help in localisation. Other marks apparent upon physical scrutiny may include spine tenderness, stiffening of pace, trophic alterations of appendage, centripetal loss, hyperreflexia, clonus, and scoliosiscervical spondylosis – Cervical myelopathyCervical myelopathy occurs when terrible cervical spondylosis causes narrowing of the spinal canal ( besides known as stricture ) and compaction of t he spinal cord. When the spinal cord is compressed, it interferes with the signals that travel between your encephalon and the remainder of your organic structure. Symptoms can include: a deficiency of co-ordination, for illustration you may happen undertakings such as buttoning a shirt progressively hard, heaviness or failing in your weaponries or legs, jobs walking, less normally, intestine and urinary incontenance, centripetal loss is normally present but the upper limb failing and lower limb spasticity may be unusually similar to MND. MND has a more rapid myelopathy and cervical phonograph record bulge will be absent on X-ray. Occasionally, MND may co-exist with cervical spondylosis. cervical rib – fasciculation absent, hurting prominent, centripetal loss normally present, characteristic radiology peripheral nervus lesions – localised cachexia, normally accompanied by centripetal loss. peroneal muscular wasting – centripetal loss of the peripheral nervousnesss become damaged it can do the undermentioned symptoms: numbness and prickling in the pess and custodies a combustion, knifing or hiting hurting loss of co-ordination in the affected organic structure parts musculus failing chronic polymyositis – The history of patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis typically includes the followers: Symmetrical, proximal musculus failing with insidious oncoming Muscles normally painless Myalgias occur in fewer than 30 % of patients. Dysphagia ( 30 % ) and aspiration, if pharyngeal and oesophageal musculuss are involved Arthralgias may be associated Trouble kneeling, mounting or falling stepss, stepping onto a kerb, raising weaponries, raising objects, combing hair, and originating from a seated place Weak cervix extensors cause trouble keeping the caput up Engagement of pelvic girdle normally greater than upper organic structure failing Cardiac engagement may do symptoms of pericarditis or myocardiopathy Characteristic roseola of face, bole, and custodies seen in dermatomyositis merely Patients with polymyositis normally present with symmetrical, proximal musculus failing in the upper and lower appendages. Weakness of cervix flexors besides occurs. Patients with polymyositis may describe musculus hurting and tenderness, which may be confused with symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica. The disease may be for several months before the patient seeks medical advice, and all of the musculuss of the thighs, bole, shoulders, hips, and upper weaponries are normally involved. Muscle failing may fluctuate from hebdomad to hebdomad or from month to month. Fine motor motions that depend on the strength of distal musculuss, such as buttoning a shirt, run uping, knitting, or authorship, are affected merely tardily in the disease. Dysphagia secondary to oropharyngeal and oesophageal engagement occurs in approximately one tierce of patients with polymyositis and is a hapless predictive mark. Dysphonia is besides a hapless predictive mark but is much less common. Ocular musculuss are ne'er involved in generalised polymyositis. However, stray orbital myositis, an inflammatory upset affecting the extraocular musculuss, is good described. Facial and bulbar musculus failing is highly rare in persons with polymyositis. A household history of neuromuscular disease, endocrinopathy, or exposure to myotoxic drugs or toxins is absent. differentiate by electromyography and musculus biopsy myasthenia gravis – bulbar marks but seldom muscular cachexia ; responds quickly to anticholinesterase